Introduction
Rajtarangini, composed in the 12th century (1148–1150 CE) by Kalhana, is considered a unique milestone in Indian historiography. It is a metrical chronicle written in Sanskrit, documenting the history of the kings of Kashmir. Unlike most early Indian literary works that blend myth with history, Rajtarangini is hailed by modern historians as the first scientific history of India due to its objective approach.
Historiographical Features
Kalhana’s work is distinguished by several features that align with modern historical methodology:
- Critical Source Analysis: Kalhana did not rely solely on oral tradition. He examined inscriptions, coins, land grants, and earlier manuscripts to verify facts, a practice known as epigraphical and numismatic verification.
- Objectivity and Impartiality: In the introductory verses, Kalhana asserts that a true historian should be like a judge, free from prejudice (raga) or hatred (dvesha), and must tell the truth even if it is unpleasant.
- Comprehensive Scope: The text consists of eight books (Tarangas) covering the history of dynasties like the Karkota, Utpala, and Loharas. It provides vivid details on socio-economic conditions, administration, and the topography of Kashmir.
Conclusion
While the earlier sections of Rajtarangini contain legendary elements, the later parts, especially from the 7th century onwards, are remarkably accurate. It bridged the gap between Purana-style storytelling and chronological recording. By setting a high standard for evidence-based writing, Kalhana secured a place for ancient India in the global tradition of serious historiography.